Sunday, May 19, 2013

Teknolojia ya mionzi: Tamu na chungu ya tiba ya mionzi kwa mwanadamu



Mgonjwa huyu anahudumiwa kwa kupitia tiba ya mionzi hospitalini. Pamoja na uzuri wake aina hiyo ya tiba ina athari kubwa kwa mwanadamu isipotumiwa kwa usahihi. Picha kwa hisani ya mtandao wa www. kalenehospita
Na  Joseph Zablon 

Daktari huyo anatajwa kufariki kutokana na kansa ya damu, na baadhi ya watu waliokuwa karibu nae kikazi,  wakiwemo waliokuwa wanafunzi wake, wanabainisha kuwa daktari huyo baadhi ya nyakati hakuwa akivaa vifaa  vya kumkinga na mionzi.

Daktari bingwa wa masuala ya mionzi katika hospitali moja kubwa nchini aliyefariki miaka kadhaa iliyopita, kifo chake kinahusishwa na athari za mionzi aliyokutana nayo kazini kwake katika chumba cha X-Ray, hospitalini hapo.
Daktari huyo anatajwa kufariki kutokana na kansa ya damu, na baadhi ya watu waliokuwa karibu nae kikazi,  wakiwemo waliokuwa wanafunzi wake, wanabainisha kuwa daktari huyo baadhi ya nyakati hakuwa akivaa vifaa  vya kumkinga na mionzi.
Ikiwa ni miaka kadhaa sasa tangu afariki, watoto zake wawili aliowaacha wangali wadogo, nao wanasumbuliwa na kansa ya damu na hata shule wanazosoma wamewekwa katika uangalizi maalum dhidi ya watoto wenzao ambao ni watundu na wakorofi.
Daktari huyo ni mmoja kati ya maelfu ya watu ambao wanapoteza maisha, kupata saratani na magonjwa mengine kutokana na athari za mionzi iwe ya X-ray, T-scan au Utra sound ama kwa kukutana nayo moja kwa moja au kutokana na kutumia huduma hizo mara kwa mara.
Kulingana na ripoti ya Kamati ya Wanasayansi ya Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa ya Kupambana na Athari za Mionzi ya Nguvu za Atomic (UNSCEAR), tiba ya mionzi inachukua asilimia 98 ya vyanzo vyote vya mionzi ulimwenguni.
Tiba hiyo ambayo ni pamoja na X-Ray, CT Scan, Utra Sound na matumizi ya mionzi katika kutibu saratani,  kwa kiwango kikubwa ina madhara kwa binadamu na inaweza kusababisha kifo hasa kwa mtumiaji wa mara kwa mara.
Ripoti hiyo inabainisha kuwa siku za karibuni kumekuwa na ongezeko kubwa la matumizi ya mionzi katika tiba kuliko wakati mwingine, huku ikikadiriwa kuwa zaidi ya vipimo bilioni 3.6 vya X-Ray vinafanyika kila mwaka.
Mkufunzi wa mionzi katika Chuo cha Afya na Tiba Muhimbili, Experditor Mahanja anasema mionzi inayotumika katika X-Ray, Utra Sound, CT Scan ina athari kubwa inapokwenda moja kwa moja katika mwili wa mtu ambaye sio mlengwa.
Anabainisha kuwa mionzi ina athari za kimaumbile (Genetic) katika chembechembe hai katika mwili wa binadamu, na mtu anaweza kupata saratani ambayo inaweza kuhama kutoka  kizazi kimoja hadi kingine, huku  watoto wakizaliwa wakiwa na vilema na athari zingine.
"Hivi sasa sheria ni kali sana na udhibiti ni mkubwa kulingana na sheria za kimataifa" anasema na kuongeza kuwa kutokana na hali hiyo ndio maana kuna vizuizi maalum ambavyo vinatumika kwa wafanyakazi walio katika vyumba vya X-Ray ili kuwakinga na mionzi.
Anasema kila baada ya mwezi, vizuizi hivyo ((Throming Detector),husafirishwa hadi katika Kituo cha Tume ya Nguvu za Atomiki (IAEA) kilichopo Arusha kwa ajili ya ukaguzi wa kiwango cha mionzi ambayo ipo katika vizuizi hivyo.
“ Kila baada ya mwezi kuna kiasi cha mionzi ambacho kinatarajiwa kukutwa katika kizuizi hicho, na ikitokea dozi ikazidi mtumiaji inabidi atoe maelezo au kuondolewa katika utendaji kwani anakuwa hatarini" anasema.

Mahanja anatoa mfano wa mfanyakazi mwenzao mmoja ambaye kifaa chake kilikutwa na kiasi kikubwa cha mionzi kuliko kawaida baada ya kupelekwa kukaguliwa, hivyo alitakiwa kutoa maelezo.
“Sheria ni kali za usimamizi wa matumizi ya mionzi hivi sasa, na kutokana na kuongezeka kwa teknolojia athari za mionzi zimethibitiwa kwa kiasi kikubwa kwa watumiaji hivi sasa kuliko wakati mwingine” anaeleza.
Naye mwanasayansi mwandamizi katika Tume ya Nguvu za Atomiki (TAEC), Dk. Wilbroad Muhogora anasema kupiga X-ray au kutumia aina nyingine ya mionzi,  inapaswa kuwa jambo la mwisho kufanywa kwa mgonjwa kutokana na ukweli kuwa nishati hiyo sio rafiki kwa mwili wa binadamu.
Anasema athari za mionzi zipo wazi na hata jumuia ya kimataifa hulazimika kutoa uangalizi wa kipekee katika matumizi ya minururisho hiyo.
Anaeleza zaidi kuwa mfano rahisi wa athari ni mabomu ya nyuklia yaliyopigwa katika miji ya Hiroshima na Nagasaki nchini Japani wakati wa mwisho wa Vita ya Pili ya Dunia Agosti  1945.
Dk Muhogora anasema athari za mionzi hiyo ya nyuklia zinatajwa hadi hivi sasa, kwani watu wengi bado wanazaliwa wakiwa na vilema, saratani za aina mbalimbali, kansa ya damu na athari zingine ambazo zinasababisha magonjwa ya kurithi na hata vifo.
Anasema bado matukio ya athari za mionzi kwa binadamu yapo mengi, na hata kuvuja kwa vinu vya nyuklia katika nchi za  Urusi Japani,  ni ishara za wazi kuwa mionzi ingawa ina faida, lakini pia ina athari mbaya kuliko inayofikiriwa.
"Mionzi katika maeneo hayo sio tu imeathiri binadamu bali pia hata mimea,  na ndio maana Serikali kupitia tume ya mionzi ilitoa tahadhari kwa umma kuhusiana na vyakula vinavyotoka nje hususan nchini Japan baada ya tukio la Fukushima" anasema.
Daktari wa saratani katika Hospitali ya Ocean Road ambaye hakutaka jina lake litajwe kwa kuwa si msemaji wa hospitali hiyo, anasema elimu zaidi inahitajika hususan katika hospitali za ngazi ya wilaya,  kwani vifaa vya kujikinga ni vichache na havikidhi haja.
"Utakuta katika hospitali ya wilaya kuna wafanyakazi wa X-ray watatu hadi wanne, lakini kifaa ni kimoja" anasema na kuongeza kuwa hali hiyo inahatarisha usalama kwa wale wasiovaa kifaa hicho wakati wa kazi.
Anaiomba serikali kuchukua hatu za makusudi kuhakikisha vyumba vya mionzi au X-ray vinapata vifaa vya kutosha, badala ya kuwa kama ilivyo sasa hususan katika hospitali za pembezoni.

10 things you might not know about love



By Barbara Fredrickson

 Making eye contact is a key gateway for love, Barbara Fredrickson says.
Making eye contact is a key gateway for love, Barbara Fredrickson says.
1. It can be hard to talk about love in scientific terms because people have strong pre-existing ideas about it.
The vision of love that emerges from the latest science requires a radical shift. I learned that I need to ask people to step back from their current views of love long enough to consider it from a different perspective: their body's perspective. Love is not romance. It's not sexual desire. It's not even that special bond you feel with family or significant others.
And perhaps most challenging of all, love is neither lasting nor unconditional. The radical shift we need to make is this: Love, as your body experiences it, is a micro-moment of connection shared with another.
Barbara Fredrickson studies positive psychology.
Barbara Fredrickson studies positive psychology.
2. Love is not exclusive.
We tend to think of love in the same breath as loved ones. When you take these to be only your innermost circle of family and friends, you inadvertently and severely constrain your opportunities for health, growth and well-being.
In reality, you can experience micro-moments of connection with anyone -- whether your soul mate or a stranger. So long as you feel safe and can forge the right kind of connection, the conditions for experiencing the emotion of love are in place.
3. Love doesn't belong to one person.
We tend to think of emotions as private events, confined to one person's mind and skin. Upgrading our view of love defies this logic. Evidence suggests that when you really "click" with someone else, a discernible yet momentary synchrony emerges between the two of you, as your gestures and biochemistries, even your respective neural firings, come to mirror one another in a pattern I call positivity resonance. Love is a biological wave of good feeling and mutual care that rolls through two or more brains and bodies at once.
4. Making eye contact is a key gateway for love.
Your body has the built-in ability to "catch" the emotions of those around you, making your prospects for love -- defined as micro-moments of positivity resonance -- nearly limitless. As hopeful as this sounds, I also learned that you can thwart this natural ability if you don't make eye contact with the other person. Meeting eyes is a key gatekeeper to neural synchrony.
5. Love fortifies the connection between your brain and your heart, making you healthier.
Decades of research show that people who are more socially connected live longer and healthier lives. Yet precisely how social ties affect health has remained one of the great mysteries of science.
My research team and I recently learned that when we randomly assign one group of people to learn ways to create more micro-moments of love in daily live, we lastingly improve the function of the vagus nerve, a key conduit that connects your brain to your heart. This discovery provides a new window into how micro-moments of love serve as nutrients for your health.
6. Your immune cells reflect your past experiences of love.
Too often, you get the message that your future prospects hinge on your DNA. Yet the ways that your genes get expressed at the cellular level depends mightily on many factors, including whether you consider yourself to be socially connected or chronically lonely.
My team is now investigating the cellular effects of love, testing whether people who build more micro-moments of love in daily life also build healthier immune cells.
7. Small emotional moments can have disproportionately large biological effects.
It can seem surprising that an experience that lasts just a micro-moment can have any lasting effect on your health and longevity. Yet I learned that there's an important feedback loop at work here, an upward spiral between your social and your physical well-being.
That is, your micro-moments of love not only make you healthier, but being healthier builds your capacity for love. Little by little, love begets love by improving your health. And health begets health by improving your capacity for love.
8. Don't take a loving marriage for granted.
Writing this book has profoundly changed my personal view of love. I used to uphold love as that constant, steady force that all but defines my marriage. While that constant, steady force still exists, I now see our bond as a product of the many micro-moments of positivity resonance that my husband and I have shared over the years. This shakes me out of any complacency that tempts me to take our love for granted. Love is something we should re-cultivate every single day.
9. Love and compassion can be one and the same.
If we reimagine love as micro-moments of shared positivity, it can seem like love requires that you always feel happy. I learned that this isn't true. You can experience a micro-moment of love even as you or the person with whom you connect suffers.
Love doesn't require that you ignore or suppress negativity. It simply requires that some element of kindness, empathy or appreciation be added to the mix. Compassion is the form love takes when suffering occurs.
10. Simply upgrading your view of love changes your capacity for it.
The latest science offers new lenses through which to see your every interaction. The people I interviewed for the book shared incredibly moving stories about how they used micro-moments of connection to make dramatic turnarounds in their personal and work lives.
One of the most hopeful things I learned is that when people take just a minute or so each day to think about whether they felt connected and attuned to others, they initiate a cascade of benefits. And this is something you could start doing today, having learned even just this much more about how love works.